Recommended resource: Dr. Scott Barry Kaufman

I thought I should alert my readers to one of the best voices on the net, and other media, regarding human potential, intelligence, creativity, and a varieity of other topics related to the psychology of individual differences. Dr. Scott Barry Kaufman is one of those rare breed academics that knows how to bridge research/theory and practice...that is, translating cutting edge research into language the rest of us can understand. I have worked with Scott on a couple of papers and blog posts and had the honor of being interviewed by him recently.

If readers of my blogs want to stay current on a good chunk of emerging research and theory re: human capacities and potential, I would suggest making his material a regular read. I recommend following his blogs via RSS feeds and also following him on Twitter. He produces large volumns of content that is up-to-date, research based, and timely. Access to his social media sources can be found at his home page in the link above.







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Article: The Role Of Bilingualism In A Child's Development

The Role Of Bilingualism In A Child's Development
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/241383.php

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Kevin McGrew, PhD

Educational Psychologist

Genetic contributions to stability and change in intelligence from childhood to old age : Nature : Nature Publishing Group

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v482/n7384/pdf/nature10781.pdf

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Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment Table of Contents for Special Issue on Giftedness: 1 February 2012; Vol. 30, No. 1

Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment Online Table of Contents Alert

A new issue of Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment is available online:

Special Issue on Giftedness:
1 February 2012; Vol. 30, No. 1

The below Table of Contents is available online at: http://jpa.sagepub.com/content/vol30/issue1/?etoc

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Articles

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Current Perspectives on the Identification and Assessment of Gifted Students

Steven I. Pfeiffer

Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 2012;30 3-9
http://jpa.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/30/1/3

Use of Brief Intelligence Tests in the Identification of Giftedness

Eric E. Pierson, Lydia M. Kilmer, Barbara A. Rothlisberg, and David E. McIntosh

Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 2012;30 10-24
http://jpa.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/30/1/10

Using Nonverbal Tests to Help Identify Academically Talented Children

David F. Lohman and James L. Gambrell

Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 2012;30 25-44
http://jpa.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/30/1/25

The Talent Search Model of Gifted Identification

Susan G. Assouline and Ann Lupkowski-Shoplik

Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 2012;30 45-59
http://jpa.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/30/1/45

Identifying and Assessing Creativity as a Component of Giftedness

James C. Kaufman, Jonathan A. Plucker, and Christina M. Russell

Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 2012;30 60-73
http://jpa.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/30/1/60

Assessment Practices and the Underrepresentation of Minority Students in Gifted and Talented Education

Jesse O. Erwin and Frank C. Worrell

Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 2012;30 74-87
http://jpa.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/30/1/74

Development of the Distance From Privilege Measures: A Tool for Understanding the Persistence of Talented Women in STEM

Barbara A. Kerr, Karen D. Multon, Maggie L. Syme, Nancy M. Fry, Rhea Owens, Marie Hammond, and Sharon Robinson-Kurpius

Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 2012;30 88-102
http://jpa.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/30/1/88

Is Response to Intervention and Gifted Assessment Compatible?

Elissa F. Brown

Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 2012;30 103-116
http://jpa.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/30/1/103

Gifted Identification With Aurora: Widening the Spotlight

Sergey A. Kornilov, Mei Tan, Julian G. Elliott, Robert J. Sternberg, and Elena L. Grigorenko

Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 2012;30 117-133
http://jpa.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/30/1/117

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Article: WJIII Diagnostic Supplement: GIA-Edev

WJIII Diagnostic Supplement: GIA-Edev
http://mentalmetrix.com/early-childhood/wjii-diagnostic-supplement-gia-edev/

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Article: WJIII Cognitive: Sound Blending Advice

WJIII Cognitive: Sound Blending Advice
http://mentalmetrix.com/cognitive-achievement/wjiii-cognitive-sound-blending-advice/

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Neuroskeptic: Visualizing The Connected Brain -- More from the Human Connectome project

Even more exciting visualization images from the Human Connectome project.

http://neuroskeptic.blogspot.com/2012/02/visualizing-circular-brain.html

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Ethical Questions Surround “Electrical Thinking Cap” That Improves Mental Functions | Observations, Scientific American Blog Network

Very interesting development and possibilities. I plan to find the Current Biology article referenced and check it out

http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2012/02/06/ethical-questions-surround-electrical-thinking-cap-that-improves-mental-functions/

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Research byte: Relation between cognitive and achievement g across the lifespan

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I was honored to be included in this group of esteemed intelligence scholars research project. [Conflict of interest - I am a coauthor of the WJ III that was used in this study]















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Research byte: How accurate are self-estimates of select IQ abilities (Gf,Gc,Gv)?

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Article: STUDY ALERT: Are cognitive g and academic achievement g one and the same g?

STUDY ALERT: Are cognitive g and academic achievement g one and the same g?
http://scottbarrykaufman.com/article/study-alert-are-cognitive-g-and-academic-achievement-g-one-and-the-same-g-an-exploration-on-the-woodcock-johnson-and-kaufman-tests/

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Article: Why people can hold visual information in great detail in their working memory

Why people can hold visual information in great detail in their working memory
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/02/120206143817.htm#.TzG5vrz2yx5.twitter

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IAP Applied Psychometrics 101 Brief Report # 11: What is the typical IQ and adaptive behavior correlation?

What is the typical relation (correlation) between standardized measures of adaptive behavior (AB)  and measures of intelligence (IQ)?  This is an important question given the role both play in the definition diagnosis of mental retardation (MR) / intellectual disability (ID). 

During the late 1970's and 1980's this was an active area of research.  Numerous studies were published that reported correlations between a wide variety of adaptive behavior scales and intelligence tests.  Probably the best synthesis of this research was provided by Harrison (1987).  Harrison's review included a table of over 40+ correlations.  This is Table 2 in the above referenced and linked article.  Harrison concluded, as have most others who have reviewed the literature, that "the majority of correlations fall in the moderate range" (p.39).  When the correlations with maladaptive measures are excluded from Harrison's table, the correlations range from .03 to .91.  This is a wide range.  Harrison could not identify a specific explanation for the variability or range of correlations.  Harrison speculated that variables might impact the magnitude of the correlations were the specific adaptive behavior or measure of intelligence used and differences in sample variability.

Subsequently the Committee on Disability Determination for Mental Retardation published a National Research Council report (Mental Retardation:  Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits; Reschly, Meyers & Hartel, 2001) that also addressed the AB/IQ relation. The report concluded that AB/IQ studies report correlations "ranging from 0 (indicating no relationship) to almost +1 (indicating a perfect relationship).  Data also suggest that the relationship between IQ and adaptive behavior varies significantly by age and levels of retardation, being strongest in the severe and moderate ranges and weakest in the mild range.  There is a dearth of data on the relationship of IQ and adaptive behavior functioning at the mild level of retardation" (p. 8).  Factors identified as moderating the AB/IQ correlation were scale content, measurement of competences versus perceptions, sample variability, ceiling and floor problems of the scales, and level of mental retardation.

Given the above, it is hard to render an objective statement on the approximate typical AB/IQ correlation.  With this in mind, an informal research synthesis was completed and is reported here.

First, only the AB/IQ correlations (IQ/maladaptive correlations were excluded) from Harrison's 1987 table were extracted (n = 43 correlations).  Then, the technical manuals for the current editions of the three most frequently used contemporary adaptive behavior scales were reviewed for additional correlations.  This included the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (Sparrow, Cicchetti & Balla, 2005; n = 2 correlations of .12, .20) and the Adaptive Behavior Scales--II (Harrison & Oakland, 2008; n = 10 correlations ranging from .39 to .67; median = .51).

Although six different correlations were reported in the Scales of Independent Behavior-Revised manual (SIB-R; Bruininks, Woodcock, Weatherman & Hill, 1996), the values were not used as they are inflated estimates when compared to the type of correlations typically reported.  For example, very high correlations of .79, .82 and .91 are reported for certain groups.  A close reading of the tables reveals that the SIB-R correlations with either the WJ or WJ-R intelligence test were calculated on the basis of the W-score growth metric.   By definition, a growth metric includes age variance.  If correlations are reported across wide age groups the correlations convey variance related to the correlation between the AB  and IQ constructs but also contains shared variance due to the influence of general age-base development (age).  Thus, the SIB and SIB-R correlations with IQ, although not wrong and providing different information, are not comparable to all other reported correlations where age variance has been removed (typically by correlating age-based standard scores).  Clear evidence for this point comes from McGrew and Bruininks (1990) who used the same SIB/WJ subject data reported in the SIB and SIB-R manuals, but who removed the W-score confounded age variance prior to the calculation of latent factor correlations (via confirmatory factor analysis) between latent practical intelligence (SIB adaptive behavior) and conceptual intelligence (WJ IQ) factors.  The resulting AB/IQ correlations for three different age groups were .38, .56 and .58--far below the values in the .70 to .92 range.  Thus, the values from McGrew and Bruininks (1990) were included for estimates of the SIB/SIB-R IQ correlations in the current synthesis. 

Finally, latent AB/IQ correlations (as estimated from confirmatory factor analysis models)  of .27 and .39 were included from Ittenbach, Spiegel, McGrew and Bruininks (1992) and Keith, Fehrmann,Harrison and Pottebaum (1987), respectively.  This process resulted in the addition of 17 AB/IQ correlations to the 43 from Harrison, for a total of 60 correlations.

Descriptive statistics for this collection of 60 AB/IQ correlations are as follows: range of correlations from .12 to .90,  a mean of .51 and a median of .48, and a standard deviation of .20.  Below is a figure that includes a frequency polygon (and smoothed normal curve overlay) and a box-whisker plot of the data set.  A review of the box and whisker plot (at the bottom) shows the median correlation (.48) as a vertical line within the rectangle.  The rectangle includes the 50% middle of the distributions of correlations and shows an approximate range of just below .40 to just above .65.  Of particular note is the shape of the frequency polygon and smoothed normal curve.  The shape of the frequency polygon is consistent with a normal curve.  In quantitative research synthesis this type of normal distribution suggests that total data set included in the review is not biased--both studies that are likely under- or overestimates of the "true" population correlation (due to method or sampling factors) are included.  More importantly, the "bunching" up of the majority of the correlations in the middle provide confidence that the median of this distribution is a reasonable unbiased estimate of the populaiton correaltion.  This type of relatively normal distribution suggests that the current collection of 60 AB/IQ correlations is likely a reasonable approximation of the complete set of population AB/IQ correlations.

Based on this informal (and admittedly incomplete review of all possible AB/IQ correlation research) one can conclude that a reasonable estimate of the typical AB/IQ correlation is approximately .50 (mean = .51; median = .48), with most ranging from approximately .40 to .65.  This finding is consistent with Harrison's 1987 conclusion of a "moderate" correlation.  The current analysis continues to reinforce Harrison's (and others) conclusions that adaptive behavior and intelligence are statistically related constructs, but  they are still independent.   An average correlation of .50 indicates that AB and IQ share approximately 25 % common variance (approximately 15% to 40 % common variance if one looks at the range of the 50% middle of the distribution of values).  In practical terms this means that for any individual, standard scores from AB and IQ tests will frequently diverge and not always be consistent.  

Harrison (1987) provides a nice explanation for the primary reasons for the moderate correlation between AB and IQ.  Her quote is reproduced below

Numerous caveats need to be applied to this analysis and report.  The most important are:

• A comprehensive review of all possible published and unpublished AB/IQ research studies was not completed.  Clearly there are more studies "out there" that could be added to the synthesis. 
• The analysis makes no attempt to determine if there are moderator effects.  That is, is the typical correlation likely to systematically vary as a function of AB measures, IQ measures, variability in the sample's level of functioning, manifest/measured versus latent variable correlations, level of ability, etc.? 
•  This has not been peer reviewed.

 It is hoped that this ad hoc update of Harrison's (1987) review, augmented by quantitive organizational methods, will serve to stimulate a formal meta-analysis by others (hint---a nice study or thesis for someone?)

Article: My connectome, myself

And yet another review of Connectome

My connectome, myself
http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2012/connectome-0207.html

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Article: Developing Adaptive Tests with Concerto: a one day workshop

Developing Adaptive Tests with Concerto: a one day workshop
http://www.psychometrics.cam.ac.uk/page/309/adaptive-testing-with-concerto.htm

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Article: What is Science-Help?

What is Science-Help?
http://www.forbes.com/sites/daviddisalvo/2012/02/07/what-is-science-help/

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Book nook: You are your connectome?

U snooze and you lose. I had received an advanced copy of Sebastian Seung's Connectome and had hoped to make one of the first book review posts about it. I simply could not find time to read it fast enough and the professionals have already weighed in on the book...so you might as well read their reviews. I have a few minor comments.




I agree with the review in the Wall Street Journal review that this may be one of the best written books on the basics of brain science. Keeping up with contemporary neuroscience and placing it in the context of what I learned during my training and professional experiences has been hard. As I read some of the material that I consider "review" I realized that it was not just a review for me, but it helped my mind see the forrest-from-the-trees re: the neuroscience knowledge I had accumulated---but had not taken time to distill. It is a very good introductory book for the educated lay public on brain science and a nice "organizing review" for professionals.

Another review, which is more an excerpt of of the essence of the book is now also available at the brain fitness heart of the internet--SharpBrains.

My only complaint is that I had hoped it would deal more with the exciting research being completed by the Human Connectome Project. The project receives mention, but Seung then tends to dismiss the approach in favor of his ideas on how to understand the human mind at different level of the connectome. In contrast, I am increasingly excited with the research on brain networks...and ultimately the brain connectome.

Finally, you can listen and watch Seung speaking about connectomes during his TED talk.



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Why people can hold visual information in great detail in their working memory

Why people can hold visual information in great detail in their working memory
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/02/120206143817.htm#.TzBrzDVYPvk.twitter

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What Happens When the IQ Test Taker Becomes the IQ Test Constructor?

What Happens When the IQ Test Taker Becomes the IQ Test Constructor?
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/scott-barry-kaufman/what-happens-when-the-iq-taker_b_1258013.html?ref=tw

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Opinion: The Upside of Dyslexia

Opinion: The Upside of Dyslexia
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/05/opinion/sunday/the-upside-of-dyslexia.html

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goCognitive 2.0

goCognitive 2.0
http://mindhacks.com/2012/02/04/gocognitive-2-0/

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Article: Discovering How to Learn Smarter

Discovering How to Learn Smarter
http://mindshift.kqed.org/2012/02/discovering-how-to-learn-smarter/

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Children's Psychological Processes Scale (CPPS) is now on-line and available

Kudos to Milt Dehn. His new Children's Psychological Processes Scale (CPPS) is now on-line and available for purchase and use (click here for info).

(Conflict of interest disclosure: I was the measurement person for this instrument)





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Article: The Test Score Hypothesis

The take way message of the article below is very consistent with the Beyond IQ message and posts at IQs Corner--available via this link:  http://www.iqscorner.com/search/label/Beyond%20IQ

The Test Score Hypothesis
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-j-petrilli/school-testing_b_1246431.html?ref=tw

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White House office studies benefits of video games

White House office studies benefits of video games
http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/story/2012-01-26/edcuational-video-games-white-house/52908052/1?loc=interstitialskip

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Current Directions in Psychological Science Table of Contents for 1 February 2012; Vol. 21, No. 1

Current Directions in Psychological Science Online Table of Contents Alert

A new issue of Current Directions in Psychological Science is available online:

1 February 2012; Vol. 21, No. 1

The below Table of Contents is available online at: http://cdp.sagepub.com/content/vol21/issue1/?etoc

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Articles

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Identifying and Remediating Failures of Selective Attention in Older Drivers

Alexander Pollatsek, Matthew R. E. Romoser, and Donald L. Fisher

Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2012;21 3-7
http://cdp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/21/1/3

The Nature and Organization of Individual Differences in Executive Functions: Four General Conclusions

Akira Miyake and Naomi P. Friedman

Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2012;21 8-14
http://cdp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/21/1/8

GLOMO^sys: The How and Why of Global and Local Processing

Jens Förster

Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2012;21 15-19
http://cdp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/21/1/15

Self-Control and Aggression

Thomas F. Denson, C. Nathan DeWall, and Eli J. Finkel

Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2012;21 20-25
http://cdp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/21/1/20

Risky Decisions: Active Risk Management

Oswald Huber

Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2012;21 26-30
http://cdp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/21/1/26

Beyond Comprehension: The Role of Numeracy in Judgments and Decisions

Ellen Peters

Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2012;21 31-35
http://cdp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/21/1/31

Risk and Reward Are Processed Differently in Decisions Made Under Stress

Mara Mather and Nichole R. Lighthall

Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2012;21 36-41
http://cdp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/21/1/36

Broken Hearts and Broken Bones: A Neural Perspective on the Similarities Between Social and Physical Pain

Naomi I. Eisenberger

Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2012;21 42-47
http://cdp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/21/1/42

Dissociation and Dissociative Disorders: Challenging Conventional Wisdom

Steven Jay Lynn, Scott O. Lilienfeld, Harald Merckelbach, Timo Giesbrecht, and Dalena van der Kloet

Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2012;21 48-53
http://cdp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/21/1/48

Motivational Salience: Amygdala Tuning From Traits, Needs, Values, and Goals

William A. Cunningham and Tobias Brosch

Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2012;21 54-59
http://cdp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/21/1/54

Patients' Perceptions of Their Illness: The Dynamo of Volition in Health Care

Keith J. Petrie and John Weinman

Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2012;21 60-65
http://cdp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/21/1/60

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Canadian WAIS-IV: New cognitive proficiency index scores now available

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New Cognitive Processing Index score now available for Canadian WAIS-IV

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